अंतर्दहन इंजन

एक चार-स्ट्रोक अन्तर्दहन इंजन - कार्य करते हुए
१. गैस का अन्दर चूषण
2. दाबन
3. शक्ति
4. गैसों का उत्सर्जन

अन्तर्दहन इंजन (अन्तः दहन इंजन या आन्तरिक दहन इंजन या internal combustion engine) ऐसा इंजन है जिसमें ईंधन एवं आक्सीकारक सभी तरफ से बन्द एक कक्ष में जलते हैं। दहन की इस क्रिया में प्रायः हवा ही आक्सीकारक का काम करती है। जिस बन्द कक्ष में दहन होता है उसे दहन कक्ष (कम्बस्सन चैम्बर) कहते हैं।

दहन की यह अभिक्रिया वाह्य उष्म ( exothermic reaction ) होती है जो उच्च ताप एवं दाब वाली गैसें उत्पन्न करती है। ये गैसें दहन कक्ष से लगे हुए एक पिस्टन/रोटर को धकेलते/घुमाते हुए फैलतीं है। इस प्रकार ईंधन कीं रासायनिक उर्जा पहले उष्मीय उर्जा में बदलती है और फिर उष्नीय उर्जा यांत्रिक उर्जा में बदल जाती है।

अन्तर्दहन इंजन के विपरीत वाह्य दहन इंजन, (जैसे, वाष्प इंजन) में कार्य करने वाला तरल (जैसे वाष्प) किसी अन्य कक्ष में किसी तरल को गरम करके प्राप्त किया जाता है। प्रायः पिस्टनयुक्त रेसिप्रोकेटिंग इंजन, जिसमें कुछ-कुछ समयान्तराल के बाद दहन होता है (लगातार नहीं) , को ही अन्तर्दहन इंजन कहा जाता है किन्तु जेट इंजन, अधिकांश रॉकेट एवं अनेकों गैस टर्बाइनें भी अन्तर्दहन इंजन की श्रेणी में आती हैं जिनमें दहन की क्रिया अनवरत (continuous) रूप से चलती रहती है।

इतिहास

शुरू-शुरू में अन्तर्दहन इंजन कृषि उपकरणों को चलाने के काम में आते थे।

• १७वीं शताब्दी: अंग्रेजी आविष्कारक सैमुएल मोर्लैण्ड (Samuel Morland) ने पानी के पम्प चलाने के लिये बारूद का प्रयोग किया। इसे प्रथम अन्तर्दहन इंजन कहा जा सकता है।
• १८०६ : स्विट्जरलैण्ड के इंजीनियर फ्रैको आइजक रिवाज (François Isaac de Rivaz) ने हाइड्रोजन एवं ऑक्सीजन के मिक्षण से चलने वाला अंतर्दहन इंजन बनाया।
• 1823: Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially. It was compressionless and based on what Hardenberg calls the "Leonardo cycle," which, as the name implies, was already out of date at that time.
• 1824: French physicist Sadi Carnot established the thermodynamic theory of idealized heat engines. This scientifically established the need for compression to increase the difference between the upper and lower working temperatures.
• 1826 April 1: American Samuel Morey received a patent for a compressionless "Gas or Vapor Engine."
• 1838: a patent was granted to William Barnet (English). This was the first recorded suggestion of in-cylinder compression.
• 1854: The Italians Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci patented the first working efficient internal combustion engine in London (pt. Num. 1072) but did not go into production with it. It was similar in concept to the successful Otto Langen indirect engine, but wasn't so well worked out in detail.
• 1856: in Florence at Fonderia del Pignone (now Nuovo Pignone, a subsidiary of General Electric), Pietro Benini realized a working prototype of the Barsanti-Matteucci engine, supplying 5 HP. In subsequent years he developed more powerful engines—with one or two pistons—which served as steady power sources, replacing steam engines.
• 1860: Belgian Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir (1822–1900) produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine similar in appearance to a horizontal double-acting steam beam engine, with cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, and flywheel in which the gas essentially took the place of the steam. This was the first internal combustion engine to be produced in numbers.
• 1862: German inventor Nikolaus Otto designed an indirect-acting free-piston compressionless engine whose greater efficiency won the support of Langen and then most of the market, which at that time was mostly for small stationary engines fueled by lighting gas.
• 1870: In Vienna, Siegfried Marcus put the first mobile gasoline engine on a handcart.
• 1876: Nikolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, developed a practical four-stroke cycle (Otto cycle) engine. The German courts, however, did not hold his patent to cover all in-cylinder compression engines or even the four-stroke cycle, and after this decision, in-cylinder compression became universal.

Karl Benz

• 1879: Karl Benz, working independently, was granted a patent for his internal combustion engine, a reliable two-stroke gas engine, based on Nikolaus Otto's design of the four-stroke engine. Later, Benz designed and built his own four-stroke engine that was used in his automobiles, which became the first automobiles in production.
• 1882: James Atkinson invented the Atkinson cycle engine. Atkinson’s engine had one power phase per revolution together with different intake and expansion volumes, making it more efficient than the Otto cycle.
• 1891: Herbert Akroyd Stuart built his oil engine, leasing rights to Hornsby of England to build them. They built the first cold-start compression-ignition engines. In 1892, they installed the first ones in a water pumping station. In the same year, an experimental higher-pressure version produced self-sustaining ignition through compression alone.
• 1892: Rudolf Diesel developed his Carnot heat engine type motor burning powdered coal dust.
• 1893 February 23: Rudolf Diesel received a patent for the diesel engine.
• 1896: Karl Benz invented the boxer engine, also known as the horizontally opposed engine, in which the corresponding pistons reach top dead center at the same time, thus balancing each other in momentum.
• 1900: Rudolf Diesel demonstrated the diesel engine in the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World's Fair) using peanut oil (see biodiesel).
• 1900: Wilhelm Maybach designed an engine built at Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft—following the specifications of Emil Jellinek—who required the engine to be named Daimler-Mercedes after his daughter. In 1902 automobiles with that engine were put into production by DMG.
• 1908: New Zealand inventor Ernest Godward started a motorcycle business in Invercargill and fitted the imported bikes with his own invention – a petrol economiser. His economisers worked as well in cars as they did in motorcycles.

उपयोग

आजकल आटोमोबाइल में प्रयुक्त अधिकांश इंजन अन्तर्दहन इंजन ही होते हैं।

इन्हें भी देखें

• वाह्य दहन इंजन
• वाष्प इंजन
• विद्युत वाहन

वाह्य सूत्र

• Animated Engines - अनेकों प्रकार के इंजनों की व्याख्या
• Intro to Car Engines - Cut-away images and a good overview of the internal combustion engine
• The Fuel and Engine Bible - A good resource for different engine types and fuels
• youtube - Animation of the components and built-up of a 4-cylinder engine
• youtube - Animation of the internal moving parts of a 4-cylinder engine